Auditor’s Role The Importance to Overcome Ethical...

Throughout the years, the news covered stories of corporate scandals involving accounting unethical practices. These unethical corporate acts had a tremendous negative impact on these company’s stockholders, investors, employees and the whole U.S. economy. Most of these scandals would have been prevented, if the independent audits of these companies were conducted in an ethical manner. With this in mind, two corporate scandals will be the subjects of further review to understand that an auditor might encounter ethical dilemmas, if independence and objectivity are not part of the audit process. An auditor should keep objectivity at all times. Maire Loughran, a Certified Public Accountant and University Professor, explains â€Å"objectivity†¦show more content†¦It appears evident, based on the information above; the auditor in this case had more than a reason to engage in unethical behavior, and to fail to perform his duties as an auditor. Friehling had a conflict of interest. The auditor seemed to have made a decision, ahead of time, that it was on his own best financial interest, to keep signing off audit reports to maintain the image of his client’s company. The auditor probably thought this action would ensure Madoff’s company to continue operations. Furthermore it would guarantee ongoing future investments returns for his own investments with Madoff’s company, as well as the investments of his family. Also, it would allow him to receive professional fees, in a steady manner, for a job he had no intention to honor, and he made no effort to perform. An auditor needs independence to perform an unbiased audit. According to Iain Gray and Stuart Mason, an audit is an informed opinion, based on truthful and fair information provided by the interested party whom should be independent of the preparer/auditor (21). Based on this definition, an auditor must self-distance from the subject of the audit. An auditor must refrain to engage in other roles within the management of the company that is audited, in order to avoid intentional or unintentional interference, which consequently could jeopardize the independence of the auditor’sShow MoreRelatedAuditors Independence Case Study14460 Words   |  58 Pagesfirms are so pervasive. People rely extensively on the advice of experts. Often, these experts face conflicts of interest between their own self-interest and their professional obligation to provide good advice. Conflicts of interest played a central role in the corporate scandals that shook America at the turn of the twenty-first century. Many companies have joined Enron and WorldCom in issuing earnings restatements as a result of inaccuracies in published financial reports. Adelphia, Bristol-MyersRead MoreCorporate Governance in Banking Sector of Bangladesh16146 Words   |  65 Pagesinformation disclosure and transparency, and shareholders rights. More specifically, the objectives of the study are to: †¢ Investigate the commitment to implement good corporate governance practices among the banks in Bangladesh. †¢ Know the role, duties and responsibilities, composition, structure, practices, and performance evaluation and training of the members of Board of Directors †¢ Identify the control environment and processes of the banking sector of Bangladesh †¢ DetermineRead MoreTestbook Answers112756 Words   |  452 Pagesprobabilities are not available, in preparation for the introduction of decision making under uncertainty in Section 3.3. The analogy of this question is to the problem of subjectively assessing probabilities over the true state of the firm and of the role of financial statement information in refining these probabilities. Questions 7, 8, and 9 of this chapter can usefully be assigned in conjunction with this question. Alternatively, this question could be assigned as part of Chapter 3. CopyrightRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 PagesSystems 1.8 Information technology enables organizations to easily collect large amounts of information about employees. Discuss the following issues: These questions involve traditional economic cost/benefit issues and less well-defined ethical issues. a. To what extent should management monitor employees’ e-mail? Generally, the courts have held that organizations have the right to monitor employees’ email. Such monitoring can have disastrous effects on employee morale, however. On the

Gender Is A Very Hot Button Issue In 2017 America. Many

Gender is a very hot button issue in 2017 America. Many citizens are confused by it all and don’t quite understand gender. Would four boys from the town of South Park understand? Probably not considering one boy would fake being transgender just to skip the long bathroom lines. In the following paper I will discuss and analyze the show South Park and its view on gender roles in one episode as well as Family guy and analyze its view on gender as well. The television show was created in 1997 by Trey Parker and Matt Stone. Comedy Central has been the home of South Park since its inception. The concentration of the show focuses on four boys in South Park, Colorado which is a fictional place. Stan, Kyle, Kenny, and Cartman are the four main†¦show more content†¦He realizes he won’t be able to use the men’s restroom so instead he puts a bow on his head and uses the women’s restroom. The girls are disgusted and Cartman has to meet with the principal to a ddress the situation. Cartman lies and claims he’s â€Å"transginger†, meaning transgender, and for that reason he is allowed to use the women’s restroom. The school realizes they are unable to win this battle and solve the problem by creating a transgender restroom. Wendy, one of the girls upset with Cartman’s lie, then claims to also be transgender and starts to use the transgender restroom. An angry Cartman then tells Wendy’s boyfriend Stan he is a girl since Wendy claims to be a guy. Stan goes to his father Randy for answers unaware that Randy is going through a gender crisis of his own. In this particular instance, the dynamic between girls and boys is much different. The boys try to gain power, namely Cartman over everyone else, including girls, and the principal herself by threatening to sue the school because of a false claim that he is transgender. Or as he calls it â€Å"transginger†. There are some gender stereotypes to note, such as the girls being very emotional and irrational. They get angry at Cartman for pretending to be a girl just to use the bathroom, so much so that a girl claims to be a boy just out of spite. Because of all the fuss and unwillingness to comeromise, the school creates aShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 PagesHarold Pinter’s fame rests on not only his popular dramas but also on his political activism which is rooted in his concern for people and their condition in realms which can be termed as social, professional or political. In fact it can be said that many of his works starting from the early comedies of menace to the later overtly political plays run parallel to his political activism in the delineation of abuse of power in familial, social and political sphere and its somatic and psychosomatic impactRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagescom/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service ple ase, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). DeCenzo, David A, Robbins, Stephen P. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management—10th ed. ISBN-13 978-0470-16968-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents PA RT 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 UNDERSTANDING HRM The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal EmploymentRead MoreKraft Annual Report99993 Words   |  400 Pagescommodity and other input costs, pricing actions, increased competition, our ability to differentiate our products from retailer brands, increased costs of sales, our indebtedness and our ability to pay our indebtedness, unexpected safety or manufacturing issues, regulatory or legal restrictions, actions or delays, unanticipated expenses such as litigation or legal settlement expenses, a shift in our product mix to lower margin offerings, risks from operating internationally, continued consumer weakness,Read MoreCostco Due Diligence Report28823 Words   |  116 Pages4 Industry Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 5 Corporate Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Organization and General Corporate Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Performance Measurement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 Financial Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 36 Asset†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . 38 Liability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 42 Treasury†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography Free Essays

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in salem, Massachusetts, on july 4, 1804, into the sixth generation of his salem family. His strictly Puritan ancestors included businessmen, judges and seamen. Two aspects of his family background especially affected his imagination and writing career. We will write a custom essay sample on Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Hathornes (Nathaniel added the â€Å"w† to the name† had been involved in religious persecution (intense harassment) with their first American ancestor, William. Another ancestor, John Hathorne, was one of the three judges at the seventeenth-century Salem witchcraft trials, where dozens of people were accused of, and later executed for, being â€Å"witches. † Nathaniel’s father, a sea captain, passed away in 1808, leaving his wife and three children dependent on relatives. Nathaniel spent his early years in Salem and Maine. A leg injury forced Hawthorne to remain immobile for an extensive period of time, during which he developed an exceptional taste for reading and writing. With the financial aid of his wealthy uncles, Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College from 1821 to 1825. While attending Bowdoin, Hawthorne read widely and received a solid education in English composition. Among his classmates were poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and future U. S. president Franklin Pierce. Although Bowdoin is small and isolated, it was an unusually good college, and Hawthorne undoubtedly profited from his formal education. After attending Bowdoin College, Hawthorne spent the years 1825 to 1837 in his mother’s household in Salem. Later he looked back upton these years as a period of â€Å"dreamlike isolation and solitude, spent in a haunted room. † During these â€Å"solitary years† he learned to write tales and sketches that are still unique. Most of Hawthorne’s early stories were published anonymously in magazines and giftbooks. In 1837 the publication of Twice-Told Tales somewhat lifted a spell of darkness. Hawthorne’s short stories came slowly but steadily into critical favor, and the best of the have become American classics. Hawthorne’s love of his Salem neighbor Sophia Peabody brought him out from he dark spell. His books were far from profitable enough to support a wife and family so in 1838 he went to work in the Boston Customs House. He spent a large part of 1841 hoping to find a pleasant and economical home for Sophia and himself. They finally married in 1842 and then moved to the Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts where they spent many pleasant years of quiet li ving with eachother. After being layed off from the Boston Custom House, Hawthorne spent the time from 1850-1853 writing his first novels. His dismissal from his job turned out to be a blessing because during this time period, he wrote his best novel, The Scarlet Letter, along with the classic novels The House of Seven Gables and The Blithedale Romance. Although he had always been an exceptionally active man, Hawthorne’s health began to fail him. Because he refused to submit through any thorough medical examination, the details of his declining death remain mysterious. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864. He had set off for the New Hampshire hills with Franklin Pierce hoping to regain his health, but he died during the second night in Plymouth, New Hampshire presumably in his sleep. How to cite Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography, Essay examples Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography Free Essays

The Politics of Jurisprudence

Question: Discuss about the Report for The Politics of Jurisprudence. Answer: Meaning of jurisprudence Jurisprudence is taken from Latin vocabulary juriesprudential, which means study,knowledge,orscienceoflaw. In USA, jurisprudence usually means the philosophy of law. Lawful philosophy has many aspects out of which 4 aspects are very common. The primary and the most common form of jurisprudence seeks to examine, clarify, categorize, and criticize whole bodies of law. The next kind of jurisprudence compares and contrasts law with other fields of information like text, economics, faith, and social sciences. The next type of jurisprudence seeks to reveal the past, ethical, and educational basis of a particular legal concept. The last body of jurisprudence focuses on searching the reply to such theoretical query to define law with the ability of jury to justify the correctness of case.[1] Jurisprudence is the attitude of law or juridical science and it treats the main beliefs ofpositive lawand legal relations. The word jurisprudence is incorrectly applied to actual systems of regulation, or to present views of law, or the proposal for its alterations, but is the name of a science. This science is official or rational, rather than a material one. [2] Jurisprudence is the science of real or optimistic law. It is wrongly alienated into 'general' and 'particular,' or into theoretical and past. So Jurisprudence can be defined as formal science of positive law. The term jurisprudence is that science of law, namely the science which has for its purpose to determine the main beliefs on which the lawful rules are based. So it is not only to categorize those rules in their good order, but to demonstrate the relation in which they place to one another, and to resolve the manner in which novel and uncertain cases are taken together under suitable system.[3] The term Jurisprudence is more official than a material science. It has no direct concern with question of moral or political policy. They fall under the province of principles andlegislation when a novel case arises to which two dissimilar systems appear. In case of considering those literally, to be evenly appropriate, the main reason of jurisprudence is to consider the last result which would be shaped if every rule were practical to a vague figure of like cases, and to favor the rule if it is applied to create maximum benefit to the society[4] Harts theory of law dependent In 1961, Hart has published the idea of concept of Law. It is the most broad and methodical paper on general jurisprudence. Harts paper had established a wide serious attention. Presently, the thought of Law is considered as a unique and important work. Hart's quarrel is related to 3 linked queries: definition of lawful rule, the points of disparity and resemblance between rule and morality and definition of lawful scheme. The note is related with Harts reaction to the previous 3 queries, with his effort. In The Concept of Law; Hart needs to build up a lucid and agreeable image of what a municipal legal system is. In the starting chapter of the book The Concept of Law, Hart has told that the reason of his book was "to go onward the lawful theory by then give a better analysis of the characteristic arrangement of a municipal legal system scheme and a improved sympathetic of the similarity and diversity between rule, compulsion, and morality because these are the types of shared phenom ena. Hart's "better analysis" had yielded an amazing and exact clear meaning of what a legal system is. The meaning is likely at all and it is the most disputed query. It appears to Hart that is skeptical in this regard. On a single point, he described many reasons for believing that "nothing is short sufficient to be documented as a description could give a suitable respond" to his query of "what is law?" Yet, in spite of his individual rational doubts, he makes an effort to cut off and states a set of "middle basics" odd to lawful system, with the objective to differentiate rule from the related communal phenomena, which, according to Hart, was wrongly documented. As a result, The Concept of Law is an extremely vague book. It looks like, Hart would like to have his cake and eat it too. He would confront to explain the thought of a legal system, with the protest of such description as might not be likely or uninteresting too. The approach attracts confusion, as it mainly insulates his th ought of a lawful system from serious examination. It makes an attempt to formulate that concept with accuracy and ease come into view like suspect, an unnecessary bit of obstinacy, completely keeping it with the mildly cynical strength of his query .[5] These Note states with the belief that he makes a grave attempt in The Concept of rule to describe the unique specification of a lawful system. To take out from his book a persuasive account of what a legal system is, and thereby do justice to Hart's work, it is essential, that enormous significance is related with his analysis of rule that he considers it moderately unimportant and to which he is loyal is merely a small number of dotted pages. On the other hand, small significance is given to those arguments in The Concept of rule that comprises the majority widely, and it seems on Hart's original view, fraction of the volume. This approach destroys his individual priority. The main aim of 2nd part of the letter is to show the resemblance between his concept of a lawful system and his main opponent, Austin. High-quality fraction of The Concept of rule is dedicated to an assault upon the theory of lawful compulsion made by Austin in The Province of Jurisprudence while determining the purpose of his books. The objective is "to go forward legal theory by given that an better analysis of the distinctive structure of a civic lawful scheme," what he has mainly in his mind is an advance part of Austin's idea of a lawful system. The major disapproval of Austin's idea of a lawful system by Hart is that it does not comprise the thought of a "rule." A rational disagreement can be made to the result that Austin's thought of a legal system does, in fact, comprise the thought of a law. We cant deny that he formulates his thought with an amount of accuracy that is not approached in Austin's writings. The significant ingredient in Harts idea of a lawful system is not the thought of a rule. The center of his thought of a lawful system, as per this Note, is to establish in his analysis of lawful sanctions. A like study on lawful occupies a consistently middle place in Austin's idea of a lawful system. Endis, stressed by Harts idea of a lawful system, compares with the idea of Austin as far from being hypothetical, and it represents far less of an advance beyond Austin's "analysis of the characteristic arrangement of a public lawful system" that he or his followers acclaim. [6] I. Hart's idea of a lawful System A. The Form and Content of a lawful System Hart possesses optimistic reply to his the query "What is a lawful system?" and it is based on his analysis of Austin, an analysis which occupies 3 filled chapters in the idea of rule. According to him, this complete action is essential because the mistakes of Austin and beginning of law are themselves enlightening. There are essential mistakes which, when correctly understood, point to the way in the direction of a more complicated and forceful legal theory. Hart claims that Austin and his meaning of law is built up from "the apparently easy basics of instructions and behavior" as per the thoughts of instructions, compliance, behavior, and intimidation. According to him, Austin's meaning is insufficient since it is not comprised of the "thought of a law that is, the thought of a normal which functions as a cause or it is fine reason for doing or not doing sure things. [7] Hart as legal positivist Hart acknowledges the center of indisputable fact in the policy of natural law. We have read that one which is of the hallmarks of usual rule custom (attacked by Austin) with the view that such a division cannot be continued. How then can the leading contemporary positivist concede that there is a least content of usual rule? The reply is that Harts positivism is a far cry from the largely coercive image of rule tinted by his predecessor. For him rule is a communal occurrence. It can only be considered and explained by reference to the genuine communal practices of the community.[8] Breaking with Austin and Bentham Hart is known as positivist together from the utilitarianism and the command hypothesis of rule championed by Austin. In respect of the last of his refusal rested on the site that rule was additional than ruling of a gunman, an authority backed by authorization .This very important account of a lawful arrangement, with further locating the ruler is far from the law. This is unsuccessful to account for the compulsion that legislators obey with the essential rule creation events. At the center of his account of rule and the lawful scheme is the survival of basic system conventional to officials as stipulated for creation of these rules with procedures. The law of credit is the necessary legitimate law of a lawful scheme recognized by those officials who administer the rule as specified by the condition of lawful soundness with confirmation of whether the law is certainly a law This characteristic of his positivism moves him in the direction of the middle question of the degree to which the rule is ethical.[9] Law and language The important element of Harts writing is the linguistic analysis of law and his work as influenced by others. The philosophers named Gilbert Ryle and john Austin are apparently to contribute to the concept of law. This situation can make Austin saying that we may use a sharpened awareness of words to sharpen our awareness of the phenomenon as quoted by additional workings of Hart (particularly his lecture on sense and theory on jurisprudence). The link between law and language pervades much of his thinking about law. This adds such questions which are alike to what does it mean to have a right? What is a corporation or an obligation? According to Hart we are not properly familiar with the law except we are acquainted with the hypothetical backdrop in which it emerges and develops. He argues, for example, that verbal communication has an open textured words (and hence rules) with numeral of apparent meanings, but there are forever quite a few penumbral cases where it is unsure whethe r the words applied or not. Austins theory of law Austin theory of law has been given much importance in Anglo Saxon countries, where the theory of law purports to be as it is the theory of legislation inspired by utilitarian principal present in 19 century benthamite circles. After being an army officer and equity draftsman, Austin settled to teach jurisprudence at the Benthamite University College, situated in London. [10] In his early vocation, Austin was the follower of Bentham. He has equated the principles of utility with divine rules and it is covered by religious sanctions. Austin observed rights as are established by law of God, and rights existed through obligations compulsory by rule of God as it may be styled as heavenly. The civil rights which are conferred by positive rule may be styled emphatically legal and perfect state of affairs. Everyone would have no hesitation that it confirms the other. Austin was not prepared to have discussions on the limitations of sovereign power, which, for him depends upon himself its own power to impose sanctions, not as per with the divine law or the law of utility or as the scholastics have said upon natural law or the law of reason. Austin was not prepared to discuss the limits of obedience which is demanded by a sovereign and he was not prepared to allow the claims of the international legal order to curb it with a national sovereignty. For Austin, there are 2 different spheres. He also suggests that martens positive international law should be called as positive international morality.[11] Austin's existence (17901859) was full of dissatisfaction and the unfulfilled expectations. His powerful associates were impressed by his intelligence and his speech, and they thought his destination. When Austin deals in community, his nervous disposition, wobbly health, and his perfectionism join to finish quickly careers at the Bar, in academic world, and in administration service. Only few answers are available from them who want to protect Austin. Some commentators have argued that he is misunderstood, as he is forever meant by the ruler, theplace of workor organizationwhich embodies highest power; never the persons who happen to hold that office or embody that institution at any given time. There are certain parts of his lectures that hold this reading as dissimilar to disapproval of his command hypothesis which states that a hypothesis which portrays rule exclusively in terms of authority fails to differentiate system of fear forms of supremacy adequately just that they are conventional as lawful by their own people. Lastly, it should be noted that the constitutive system makes a decision about the condition of the lawful officials with the events which should be followed to create noble lawful rules. They are not usually obeyed, nor are they expressed as behavior of compliance to the people. (Austin became conscious from the lines of attack, and his responses in the way were well prepared; it was additional issue if his responses were sufficient). It might be noted that his work showed substantially on query of methodology, though we can ignore it. It gives the early phase of jurisprudence. We have discussed in many ways in the earlier sections, that he was setting a new trail. In the matters of methodology, the latter commentator on Austin's work had to face complexity in determining if it could be understood and created experiential claims about the rule or theoretical claims. All the basics and every sort of approach were established in his writings[12]. Hart invigorated lawful positivism in the mid of the 20thcentury (Hart 1958, 1994). He criticized Austins theory for example, Hart did not attempt to decrease all lawful rules to one kind of rule, but he emphasized on the different types and functions of lawful rules. Hart's theory is grounded partially on the difference among compulsion and being grateful, and it was built on the information that a number of persons who participate In the legal system have accepted that the lawful rules as reasons for action, on top of or beyond the terror of sanctions. Hart criticize Austin theory on the following grounds: In contrary to Austins theory, rule containing a much better diversity than is presented in the theory. It equates rule merely with commands and Austins hypothesis cannot differentiate a lawful system from the law of gangsters or terrorists. The theory that equates rule with the authority of a ruler cannot account for the lawful status of a tradition and may also have problem of secretarial for legal legislation and last is that many communities do not have anything that would count as a ruler in the sense used by Austin, as a person or as an institution which has no limit or constraint. Austin himself noted many objections raised and offered responses but the responses provided by Austin are mainly beyond the rush to place Austin in his role as genuine but limited theorist whose faults were corrected by latter and wishers writers[13]. The approach of the Readers to his theory are typically disapproved by additional writers and most prominent, among them is Hart and Kelsen. The weakness of his theory is well known than the theory itself. In many societies, it is hard to recognize a ruler with the sense of his term (a complexity that is knowledgeable to him, when Austin was enforced to explain the British ruler unclearly as the mixture of the ruler, and all the electors of the House of Commons and the House of Lords,). Basically concept of a ruler makes it hard to give details to stabilize the lawful systems: a noble monarch cant come with the kind of custom of compliance and Austin set it as an important factor for rule maker of a system. Bibliography Black (N.D), What isjurisprudence, The Law dictionary, definition of jurisprudence, pg no 1 https://thelawdictionary.org/jurisprudence/ Jurisprudence, legal information institute (LII), Jurisprudence, jurisprudence: an overview, (1992) https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/jurisprudence Okoro .Chiedozie, Law and the State: a Philosophical Evaluation, Introduction, Law and the State: a Philosophical Evaluation, pg -1(2010)https://www.jstor.org/stable/i256807 Definition ofjurisprudence, oxford dictionary language matters, Definition ofjurisprudencein English (2016)https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/jurisprudence Hart.HLA, Adolphus. Hart, Herbert Lionel Raz.Joseph,Green.Leslie and Bulloch.Penelope A., the Concept of Law, Oxford University Press, Author Information ,Sovereign and Subject, chapter -4 (2012)https://books.google.co.in/books?id=53u8K7jNGioCprintsec=frontcoverdq=austin+the Guest. Stephen, Gearey. Adam, Penne. James and Morrison. Wayne, Jurisprudence and legal theory(2004) , How to study jurisprudence ,pg no6https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4sqi=2ved=0ahUKEwimwK77tNnOAhVMpY8KHUdiCwoQFggzMAMurl=http%3A%2F%2F9jalegal.com.ng% Coleman. Jules and Shapiro. Scott,Jurisprudence and philosophy of law, Natural law the classical tradition, pg no 6 (2002) https://winst.org/wp-content/uploads/Finnis-Natural-Law-Classical-Trad-pdf.pdf Ratnapala. Suri, jurisprudence, Australia: Cambridge University Press, Herbert Harts new beginning and new question, chapter no 3,(2013) https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nW0oAAAAQBAJpg=PA52dq=austin+theory+of+jurisprudencehl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwipypXn_ Moles.Robert .N,(N.D),Definition and Rule in Legal Theory - A Critique of HLA Hart and the Positivist Tradition,Harts critique of Austin,Harts theory and its consequences https://netk.net.au/LegalTheory/05Chapter2a.asp Rumble.Wilfred E (N.D) The province of jurisprudence determined, PG 1-40 https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mHH4quX4rCQCpg=PR22dq=austin+theory+of+jurisprudencehl=ensa=Xve WortLey. B.A (1967) Jurisprudence, Manchester University Press, New York,philosophy of lawhttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=hwUNAQAAIAAJpg=PA127dq=austin+theory+of+jurisprudencehl=ensa=Xved Freeman.Michaeland Mindus.Patricia us(N.D),The Legacy of John Austin's Jurisprudence, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London ,chapter no 1, John Austin and constructing theories of law, pg no 3,deviations and mistakes, third paragraph https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kYXyX7MmdWQCprintsec=frontcoverdq=austin+theory+of+jurisprudencehl=ensa=Xved Kronman. Anthony. Townsend, The Yale Law Journal: Legal Scholarship Repository , Hart, Austin, and the Concept of Legal Sanctions Vol. 84: 584, (1975), Hart's Concept of a Legal System, PG NO 584-585, 587https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2086context=fss_papers Cotterrell. Roger B. M.,The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophyhttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=Mz3v35mJz5ECpg=PA52source=gbs_toc_rcad=4#v=onepageq=Austin%E2%80%99s%20f=false Farlex (N.D), jurisprudence, the free dictionararoryhttps://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com /jurisprudence

Illustration Essay Example Digital communication

Digital communication Introduction As popularly known now, writing is a foremost skill that enhances understanding. Alongside speech, it ensures that communication comes full circle. However, the rise into prominence of writing lately is what this paper will focus on. I shall seek to demonstrate how this art is increasingly being fine-tuned so as to make it exciting. I shall endeavor to describe how to combine words, images, animations, symbols, and abbreviation etc, so as to make communication more effective and more efficient. Discussion In contemplation, my writing seems to have been influenced in different ways by various technologies. However, I shall limit myself to discussing only two main influences; for purposes of this essay. Digital technologies have led me to either augment my knowledge with various sources or to be wordy and long winded. Augmenting my messages with information from other sources is second nature now. If I am writing on social media, necessity to provide evidence for whichever claims I make is extremely essential. I use the various digital offerings to fill this delightful need. The most important are ‘sources’, which if followed, may lead the reader to the original sources quoted or rephrased in the original communication. These sources can come in various forms. Key among them is providing a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). The URL is a reference to a site where the information I am communicating in brief is provided at greater length and with more detail. It can also lead to a blog. In writing assignments, elongating them makes them better (Sharmila, 2002). I venture to write in as much detail that even a person coming across the topic for the first time gets to understand it with utmost ease (Sharmila, 2002). E-mails also assume the same trend. Contrary to the purpose detailed above, at times I also tailor my writing to definite occasions where brevity is required. In this age of digital interconnectivity, there is a greater need to be brief so as to save time for other equally captivating items. On Facebook or Twitter, good mastery of abbreviations is an absolute virtue. As a result, if I want to tell someone how hilarious something is, I don’t have to do it in so many words, I simply write LOL (Laugh Out Loud). If the opposite is the case, then ‘gutted’ is sufficient to indicate disappointments. Still on social media, the use of emoticons (emotion icons) is central to communication. These are faces that relate the writer’s reaction to the topic at hand. Therefore, a smiling face suggests joy and a moody face symbolizes sadness. SMS chatting is also a central part of my daily writing. If aware that someone on the other end of the line is anxious to hear from you, the incentive to be pithy and concise is mandatory. One has to learn to use the best words in their best order to enhance smooth conversation (Sharmila, 2002). On the other hand, writing notes and even reminders follows a similar trend. In this digital age, when it comes to informal writing, having short writings is best. Conclusion As is evident, the effect of digital technology upon writing style is too great to be ignored. The quality of the resulting communication consequently also comes into focus. Whether writers choose to be brief or long-winded, it is imperative to understand that style has no retarding effect on communication (Sharmila, 2002). It should be appreciated that style is not an end in itself. Reference Sharmila, Pixy. (2002). Writing Electronically: The Effects of Computers on Traditional Writing. Journal of Electric Publishing, 8 (1), Retrieved April 10, 2012, from http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=jep;view=text;rgn=main;idno=3336451.0008.104 We Want to Help You with Your Essay Too We have helped out thousands of students. Just like them, we want to write your essays to. So what’s the problem? You have two ways to say, â€Å"write my essays;† one is by giving us a call and second is by talking to our support staff. Time to talk to the support staff.

The use of “second class” organs is a necessity in transplantation The WritePass Journal

The use of â€Å"second class† organs is a necessity in transplantation Abstract The use of â€Å"second class† organs is a necessity in transplantation AbstractIntroductionConcerns of NHBD as â€Å"second class† organsI.   concern on whether the donor is really deadII.   Concerns on the withdrawal of careConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract There are many ethical, legal and religious views with regards to organ donation. Statistics from 2009 by UK Transplant Organisation showed that, there are 8000 people on the waiting list, with only 3000 transplants a year. This shows that we need to increase the demand for organs as many people are dying. There are two main sources for human organ donation: from the living and from the deceased. Donation from the deceased involves two types: heart beating donors (HBD) and non-heart beating donors (NHBD).   HBD has been the primary source for organ donation for the last thirty years, but this source of donation is declining.   Scientists are now focussed on using NHBD to revive and increase the donor pool, but this form of procurement is plagued with many ethical problems. It is looked at as a†second class’’ form of donation. NHBD involves donation of organs from two sources: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled are donors who have had â€Å"irreversible brain injury† but they do not qualify the brain death criteria. Where as, in the uncontrolled, the donor may suffer a cardiac arrest and die after resuscitation may prove futile. The fundamental controversy with this procurement is the definition of death as family members find this very hard to deal with when the need arise for them to make a swift decision . Thus, NHBD procurement remains slightly unpopular even though it has the prospects of increasing the donor pool by up to 30%. Introduction Transplantation is the moving of organs or tissues from one person (the donor) to another (the recipient), or to the same person. The purpose of transplantation is to replace the recipient’s organs or tissues which have failed due to illness or injury to improve health. Organs that can be transplanted includes: the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas and intestines. Whereas tissues that can be transplanted include: cornea, skin, veins, bones, tendons and heart valves. Organs or tissue transplanted within the same person is known as an autograph. A transplant between two persons is known as an allograft. .xenotransplantation involves the transplantation or infusion of organs or tissues fron one species to another. For example, the transplantation of a babbon liver into a HIVpatient , performed in 1992. The patient died 70 days later (Greenwell et al., 2007). Xenotransplantation is a dangerous because of the non-compatibility and rejection, which may lead to death (Greenwell et al., 2007). Transplantation is a very complex and challenging area of modern science. Shortage of donors is limiting transplantation therefore both living and deceased donors are used to increase donor supply. (heart beating and   non heart beating), ( Chaib E 2007). The number of heart beating donors (HBD) continue to decreases, therefore the focus now is to use cadaveric organs from non heart beating donors (NHBD).   The main problem with this type of donation is how one may define death and who gives consent for the donor’s organs to be used in transplantation. This raises a lot of ethical issues.   People started describing NHBD as second class organs, but public confidence has improved as many studies ( Sanchez-Fructuosa et al 2000, Nicholson et al 2000) has shown the that the use of NHBD is a promising alternative to enlarge   the donor pool especially in renal transplantation. Countries including the United Kingdom, USA, Spain, Netherlands, Switzerland and Japan have all im plemented NHBDs protocols in hospitals (Knoll et al 2003). Concerns of NHBD as â€Å"second class† organs HBD has been the main source for transplantation in the last 30 years (Chaib E., 2007), but this source of donation is declining thus the emphasis is on NHBD to increase the donation pool as the need for organs keeps increasing. The difference between HBD and NHBD is the definition of death. In HBD, the beating heart donor is brain damaged and on ventilation before death, whereas with NHBD the donor may have suffered a cardiac arrest and resuscitation may be futile. In 1976 the Harvard Medical Committee used the brain stem testing to declare death, but this was not suitable, therefore, the Maastricht workshop in 1995 declared that death is irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain including the brain stem† . In 1995 the Maastricht Workshop which is an international workshop divided NHBD s into four categories: category 1 and ll involves the uncontrolled group where donors are dead on arrival or where resuscitation has been unsuccessful. In this group, mechanical ventilation is performed in order to keep the organs viable while awaiting for consent from the patient’s family. Category lll and lV involves the controlled group where donors are waiting cardiac arrest or who had cardiac arrest while brain dead (Chaib E.,2007). Despite the assessment and definition of the timing of death for NHBDs and its potential to increase donation by 30%, it still faces many ethical, legal and medical concerns. The public fears include: I.   concern on whether the donor is really dead There are two criteria for death donor rule, defined by the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA): an individual is dead if both circulatory and respiratory functions have stopped and if all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem has stopped. This rule is quite crucial in NHBDs donation and states that death must not be rushed for the act of donation. Families are quite apprehensive that stopping cardiac pump activity and cardio respiratory functions does not qualify death and that the 10 minutes â€Å"stand off† period to qualify for both cardiac and brain stem death criteria is not enough ( Zamperetti et al 2003). II.   Concerns on the withdrawal of care In the controlled setting ( Maastricht , category lll and lV ) families are sceptical about the decision to remove life support ventilators and may have fears that doctors   may have biased interest in the   in hope of harvesting organs and mistreating their loved ones. They worry if whether leaving their loved ones on life support may eventually bring them back to life and what state will they be in during prolonged life support or the options of resuscitation. There are also many doubts form medics who think that NHBD   is a â€Å"shameful act of cannabilism ignores the likelihood of auto resuscitation and that the brains of these patients are not actually dead (Potts M., 2007)   as well as the fact that the brains of these patients are not truly dead. They believe that the drugs given to the dying donor may be of benefit to the donors organs but detrimental to the donors health. Also the process of removing the organs for donations causes death in the patient and that NHBD must be banned as it goes against the practice of medicine (Verheijde et al 2007). With all the apprehensions with regard to NHBD, a major limitation has been the lack of oxygen reaching the organs during the period when ventilations is withdrawn, known as warm ischaemia. . Warm ischaemia can be a problem as it can affect the viability organs, but scientists are investigating new technology in preservation. The necessity of NHBD as second-class organs for transplantation A report in a urology journal in 2009 described how some American surgeons transplanted a cancerous kidney.   They removed the tumour and then transplanted it into the patient ( BBC.,2009). The reason for this shows that the demand for organs keeps raising while the supply is quite low. In the UK, in December 2009, there were 8000 patients on the waiting list for organs, with only about 3000 transplants per year. Many people are dying due to this shortage, therefore surgeons maybe using risky organs. There are many reports showing the benefits of NHBD in reducing this shortage and there is more pressure for it to be successful. A recent UK data showed that the success rate of NHBD are quite similar to HBD (UK transplant 2006). Many studies have shown good graft survival with NHBD especially in renal transplantation despite the warm ischaemic damages ( Nicholson et at 2000, Wijnen et al,1995) . A report in between 2005-2006 shown that there were 125 NHBD transplants compared to 2004-2005 with only 87.   A small but significant increase (UK Transpkant., 2006). NHBD is cost effective, for example, a renal patient on dialysis cost an estimated  £21,200 per year. With a successful transplant with a NHBD kidney, a median graft survival of 9 years, the total cost benefit over 9 years will be  £191,000 (UK Transplant). Thus reducing the burden on the National Health Service and a better life for the patient. Conclusion NHDB   as a technique was abandoned in the 1970. It has now revived due to the long waiting list and the fact that many people are dying because of organ shortages. This type of organ donation offers great potential but its use is very divisive. There are so many ethical issues and benefits associated with both the controlled and the uncontrolled forms donations. In the uncontrolled donor (category I ll), the presumed consent to perfuse the organs in the absence of the family or in the controlled donor   (category lll), the administration of drugs to improve the viability of organs seems so unethical and considered conflicts of interests being divided between the responsibility of care to the dying donor and the possible transplant recipient. In some ethnic groups, families of brain dead donors may be happy to donate as it gives important meaning to their tragedy that they are able to help give life to someone else. NHBD programmes are faced with many challenges. In order to improve it: There must be more educational programmes   or talks   to the public about the different   criteria   of death Clinicians and the transplant teams must follow the legal guidelines by the Department of Health, adhere to the NHBD protocol and consent from the dying donor‘s family must be given before the process of harvesting organs for NHBD to reach its full potential. It maybe a long road but public confidence is definitely required. References BBC (2009) Risky donor kidney transplants prove successful. Chaib Eleazar (2008) Non heat Beating Donors In England. Clinics 63(1):121-34 Fox RC. (1993)An ignoble form of cannibalism: reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol for procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadavers.   Kennedy Inst Ethics J.3:231–9. Greenwell P. and McCulley M. (2007) Molecular therapeutics: 21st Century Medicine. John Wiley Ltd. Gill P and Lowes L. (2008) Gift exchange and organ donation: Donor and recipient experiences of live related kidney transplantation. International journal of nursing studies, 45(11), pp. 1607-1617. Knoll GA, Mahoney JE (2003) â€Å"Commentary. Non-heart –beating organ donation in Canada: Time to Proceed?†Canadian Medical Association Journal,169 (6). Kotton C., Kuehnert M and Fishman J. (2008) Organ Transplantation eds, Encyclopedia of Virology. Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 466-472. Metcalfe M., Butterworth P., White S., Saunders R., Murphy G., Taub N., Veitch P, Nicholson M (2001). A case-control comparison of the results of renal transplantation from heart beating and non heart beating donors. Transplantation 71:1556-59 Michael Potts (2007). Truthfulness in transplantation: non-heart-beating organ donation Philosophy, Ethics Humanities in Medicine 10.1186/1747-5341-2-17. Nicholson ML, Doughman TM, Horsburg T, Wheatley TJ, Butterworth PC. (1997) Comparison of the results of renal transplants from conventional and non-heart-beating cadeveric donors. Transplant Proc. 29:1386-87 Sanner M. (1994) Attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation : A model for understanding reactions to medical procedures after death. Social science medicine, 38(8), pp. 1141-1152. Sanchez-Fructuosa AL., Prats D., Torrente J, Perez-Contin MJ., Fernandez C., Alvarez J. (2000) Renal Transplantation from non heartbeating donors a promisimising alternative to enlaege the donor pool. J Am Soc Neprol 11 350-8 Verheijde JL., Rady MY., McGregor J. Recovery Of Transplantable Organs After Cardiac or Circulatory Death: transforming the paradigm for the ethics of organ donation.   Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 2:8 10.1186/1747-5341 UK Transplant Activity 2005/2006. uktransplant.org.uk/statistics/transplant_activity2006 White SA, Prasad KR (2006) Liver Transplantation From Non-heart Beating donors. Brtish Medical Journal 332;376-377 Wijnen RM., Booster MH., Stubenitsky BM., de Boer J., Heineman E., Kootstra G.,   (1995). Outcome of transplantation of non heart beating donors kidneys. Lancet. 345:1067 Zamparetti M., Bellamo R., Ronco C. (2003) Defining death in non-heart beating organ donors .Journal of   Medical Ethics 29:182-185 The use of â€Å"second class† organs is a necessity in transplantation Abstract The use of â€Å"second class† organs is a necessity in transplantation AbstractIntroductionConcerns of NHBD as â€Å"second class† organsI.                  Concern on whether the donor is really deadII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Concerns on the withdrawal of careThe necessity of NHBD as second-class organs for transplantationConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract There are many ethical, legal and religious views with regards to organ donation. Statistics from 2009 by UK Transplant Organisation showed that, there are 8000 people on the waiting list, with only 3000 transplants a year. This shows that we need to increase the demand for organs as many people are dying. There are two main sources for human organ donation: from the living and from the deceased. Donation from the deceased involves two types: heart beating donors (HBD) and non-heart beating donors (NHBD).   HBD has been the primary source for organ donation for the last thirty years, but this source of donation is declining.   Scientists are now focussed on using NHBD to revive and increase the donor pool, but this form of procurement is plagued with many ethical problems. It is looked at as a†second class’’ form of donation. NHBD involves donation of organs from two sources: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled are donors who have had â€Å"irreversible brain injury† but they do not qualify the brain death criteria. Where as, in the uncontrolled, the donor may suffer a cardiac arrest and die after resuscitation may prove futile. The fundamental controversy with this procurement is the definition of death as family members find this very hard to deal with when the need arise for them to make a swift decision . Thus, NHBD procurement remains slightly unpopular even though it has the prospects of increasing the donor pool by up to 30%. Introduction Transplantation is the moving of organs or tissues from one person (the donor) to another (the recipient), or to the same person. The purpose of transplantation is to replace the recipient’s organs or tissues which have failed due to illness or injury to improve health. Organs that can be transplanted includes: the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas and intestines. Whereas tissues that can be transplanted include: cornea, skin, veins, bones, tendons and heart valves. Organs or tissue transplanted within the same person is known as an autograph. A transplant between two persons is known as an allograft. .xenotransplantation involves the transplantation or infusion of organs or tissues fron one species to another. For example, the transplantation of a babbon liver into a HIVpatient , performed in 1992. The patient died 70 days later (Greenwell et al., 2007). Xenotransplantation is a dangerous because of the non-compatibility and rejection, which may lead to death (Greenwell et al., 2007). Transplantation is a very complex and challenging area of modern science. Shortage of donors is limiting transplantation therefore both living and deceased donors are used to increase donor supply. (heart beating and   non heart beating), ( Chaib E 2007). The number of heart beating donors (HBD) continue to decreases, therefore the focus now is to use cadaveric organs from non heart beating donors (NHBD).   The main problem with this type of donation is how one may define death and who gives consent for the donor’s organs to be used in transplantation. This raises a lot of ethical issues.   People started describing NHBD as second class organs, but public confidence has improved as many studies ( Sanchez-Fructuosa et al 2000, Nicholson et al 2000) has shown the that the use of NHBD is a promising alternative to enlarge   the donor pool especially in renal transplantation. Countries including the United Kingdom,USA,Spain,Netherlands, Switzerland and Japan have all imple mented NHBDs protocols in hospitals (Knoll et al 2003). Concerns of NHBD as â€Å"second class† organs HBD has been the main source for transplantation in the last 30 years (Chaib E., 2007), but this source of donation is declining thus the emphasis is on NHBD to increase the donation pool as the need for organs keeps increasing. The difference between HBD and NHBD is the definition of death. In HBD, the beating heart donor is brain damaged and on ventilation before death, whereas with NHBD the donor may have suffered a cardiac arrest and resuscitation may be futile. In 1976 the Harvard Medical Committee used the brain stem testing to declare death, but this was not suitable, therefore, the Maastricht workshop in 1995 declared that death is irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain including the brain stem† . In 1995 the Maastricht Workshop which is an international workshop divided NHBD s into four categories: category 1 and ll involves the uncontrolled group where donors are dead on arrival or where resuscitation has been unsuccessful. In this group, mechanical ventilation is performed in order to keep the organs viable while awaiting for consent from the patient’s family. Category lll and lV involves the controlled group where donors are waiting cardiac arrest or who had cardiac arrest while brain dead (Chaib E.,2007). Despite the assessment and definition of the timing of death for NHBDs and its potential to increase donation by 30%, it still faces many ethical, legal and medical concerns. The public fears include: I.                  Concern on whether the donor is really dead There are two criteria for death donor rule, defined by the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA): an individual is dead if both circulatory and respiratory functions have stopped and if all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem has stopped. This rule is quite crucial in NHBDs donation and states that death must not be rushed for the act of donation. Families are quite apprehensive that stopping cardiac pump activity and cardio respiratory functions does not qualify death and that the 10 minutes â€Å"stand off† period to qualify for both cardiac and brain stem death criteria is not enough ( Zamperetti et al 2003). II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Concerns on the withdrawal of care In the controlled setting ( Maastricht , category lll and lV ) families are sceptical about the decision to remove life support ventilators and may have fears that doctors   may have biased interest in the   in hope of harvesting organs and mistreating their loved ones. They worry if whether leaving their loved ones on life support may eventually bring them back to life and what state will they be in during prolonged life support or the options of resuscitation. There are also many doubts form medics who think that NHBD   is a â€Å"shameful act of cannabilism ignores the likelihood of auto resuscitation and that the brains of these patients are not actually dead (Potts M., 2007)   as well as the fact that the brains of these patients are not truly dead. They believe that the drugs given to the dying donor may be of benefit to the donors organs but detrimental to the donors health. Also the process of removing the organs for donations causes death in the patient and that NHBD must be banned as it goes against the practice of medicine (Verheijde et al 2007). With all the apprehensions with regard to NHBD, a major limitation has been the lack of oxygen reaching the organs during the period when ventilations is withdrawn, known as warm ischaemia. . Warm ischaemia can be a problem as it can affect the viability organs, but scientists are investigating new technology in preservation. The necessity of NHBD as second-class organs for transplantation A report in a urology journal in 2009 described how some American surgeons transplanted a cancerous kidney.   They removed the tumour and then transplanted it into the patient ( BBC.,2009). The reason for this shows that the demand for organs keeps raising while the supply is quite low. In theUK, in December 2009, there were 8000 patients on the waiting list for organs, with only about 3000 transplants per year. Many people are dying due to this shortage, therefore surgeons maybe using risky organs. There are many reports showing the benefits of NHBD in reducing this shortage and there is more pressure for it to be successful. A recentUKdata showed that the success rate of NHBD are quite similar to HBD (UKtransplant 2006). Many studies have shown good graft survival with NHBD especially in renal transplantation despite the warm ischaemic damages ( Nicholson et at 2000, Wijnen et al,1995) . A report in between 2005-2006 shown that there were 125 NHBD transplants compared to 2004-2005 with only 87.   A small but significant increase (UK Transpkant., 2006). NHBD is cost effective, for example, a renal patient on dialysis cost an estimated  £21,200 per year. With a successful transplant with a NHBD kidney, a median graft survival of 9 years, the total cost benefit over 9 years will be  £191,000 (UK Transplant). Thus reducing the burden on the National Health Service and a better life for the patient. Conclusion NHDB   as a technique was abandoned in the 1970. It has now revived due to the long waiting list and the fact that many people are dying because of organ shortages. This type of organ donation offers great potential but its use is very divisive. There are so many ethical issues and benefits associated with both the controlled and the uncontrolled forms donations. In the uncontrolled donor (category I ll), the presumed consent to perfuse the organs in the absence of the family or in the controlled donor   (category lll), the administration of drugs to improve the viability of organs seems so unethical and considered conflicts of interests being divided between the responsibility of care to the dying donor and the possible transplant recipient. In some ethnic groups, families of brain dead donors may be happy to donate as it gives important meaning to their tragedy that they are able to help give life to someone else. NHBD programmes are faced with many challenges. In order to improve it: There must be more educational programmes   or talks   to the public about the different   criteria   of death Clinicians and the transplant teams must follow the legal guidelines by the Department of Health, adhere to the NHBD protocol and consent from the dying donor‘s family must be given before the process of harvesting organs for NHBD to reach its full potential. It maybe a long road but public confidence is definitely required. References BBC (2009) Risky donor kidney transplants prove successful. Chaib Eleazar (2008) Non heat Beating Donors In England. Clinics 63(1):121-34 Fox RC. (1993)An ignoble form of cannibalism: reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol for procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadavers.   Kennedy Inst Ethics J.3:231–9. Greenwell P. and McCulley M. (2007) Molecular therapeutics: 21st Century Medicine. John Wiley Ltd. Gill P and Lowes L. (2008) Gift exchange and organ donation: Donor and recipient experiences of live related kidney transplantation. International journal of nursing studies, 45(11), pp. 1607-1617. KnollGA, Mahoney JE (2003) â€Å"Commentary. Non-heart –beating organ donation in Canada: Time to Proceed?†Canadian Medical Association Journal,169 (6). Kotton C., Kuehnert M and Fishman J. (2008) Organ Transplantation eds, Encyclopedia of Virology.Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 466-472. Metcalfe M., Butterworth P., White S., Saunders R., Murphy G., Taub N., Veitch P, Nicholson M (2001). A case-control comparison of the results of renal transplantation from heart beating and non heart beating donors. Transplantation 71:1556-59 Michael Potts (2007). Truthfulness in transplantation: non-heart-beating organ donation Philosophy, Ethics Humanities in Medicine 10.1186/1747-5341-2-17. Nicholson ML, Doughman TM, Horsburg T, Wheatley TJ, Butterworth PC. (1997) Comparison of the results of renal transplants from conventional and non-heart-beating cadeveric donors. Transplant Proc. 29:1386-87 Sanner M. (1994) Attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation : A model for understanding reactions to medical procedures after death. Social science medicine, 38(8), pp. 1141-1152. Sanchez-Fructuosa AL., Prats D., Torrente J, Perez-Contin MJ., Fernandez C., Alvarez J. (2000) Renal Transplantation from non heartbeating donors a promisimising alternative to enlaege the donor pool. J Am Soc Neprol 11 350-8 Verheijde JL., Rady MY., McGregor J. 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To begin assignment read Henry Mintzberg's article (enclosed) The Fall Essay

To begin assignment read Henry Mintzberg's article (enclosed) The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning (Harvard Business Review, January-February 1994) - Essay Example One weakness with strategic planning is that it is comprised of a calculated approach which is fixed towards attaining a goal in contrast to strategic thinking which is committed to encompass other people’s views in attainment of that particular goal. Strategies are only effective if committed people infuse them with their energy directed at achieving the stipulated goals. On the other hand, it can be noted that planning could not learn or think but only limited to the widely held belief of doing things within an organisation. He posits that strategic planning should have been termed strategic programming rather where it would be promoted as a process to formalise the strategies that have already been developed. On its own, planning cannot generate strategies. However, planning is important in that it promotes coordination and also ensures that everyone in the organisation pulls in the same direction. It can be used to gain moral support from outsiders who are more influential to the organisation. In this scenario, it can be noted that as human beings, we are inclined to formalise our behaviour in most instances but careful consideration has to be taken when it comes to strategy making process. Strategy making is often a complex activity which requires creativity in the process. The extent to which we are guided by formalisation sometimes make us stop thinking beyond what is regarded as the norm. When it comes to strategic making process, intuitive thinking ought to play a pivotal role in informing and shaping of the organisational vision. This can be possible through the use of effective thinking which is not only subjected to the principles stipulated to be followed. A close analysis of the given article shows that it is concerned with highlighting some of the shortfalls of strategic planning that can impede the process of strategic decision making process which ought to be guided by

Killer Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Killer Profile - Essay Example People involved in violent crimes tend to fit the profile described by the profiler in this case, but here there is no evidence to suggest the killer fits these behavioural categories. The description of the characteristics of this individual are also extremely broad. A large number of men would fit this profile. There are many men out there who are angry and slightly paranoid, who drink too much and have an interest in guns and military matters. There is nothing particular or detailed about this description, nothing which will lead investigators directly to their man. These kinds of profiles can be counter-productive. They tend to create a schema in the investigators mind. They then have trouble thinking outside of the box. They look only for a men of a certain background and age and disposition. The best example of a profile throwing off an investigation—and indeed leading to the preventable deaths of many individuals—occurred in the course of the Beltway Sniper investigation. A similar profile was presented to investigators: the shooter was to be a white man of a certain age, paranoid and with background in the military or law enforcement. Investigators combed DC and its suburbs looking for such people. In fact, the sniping turned out to be the work of an African American man and his 17-year-old son. What seemed to be the work of one man was the work of two—and the profile was completely wrong. If investigators had simply kept more of an open mind they would likely have found the Beltway Sniper before he could do such damag e. There are however some advantages to following the suggestions of this profile. To being with it provides a starting point. Just because it may be a kind of default profile doesn’t mean that it isn’t accurate. The notion that the killer has an explosive temper and does not respond well under pressure and that he has a paranoid mindframe

Why did World War II END the way it did Research Paper

Why did World War II END the way it did - Research Paper Example Why did World War II END the way it did? On August 6th, 1945, the world witnessed one of the rarest occasions in the history of warfare when the United States plunged an atomic bomb in the Japanese city of Hiroshima. With the number of casualties rising beyond 80,000, a second bomb was dropped on 9th the same month on the city of Nagasaki, claiming the deaths of more than 50,000 people. On the orders of the American president Harry Truman, the Japanese cities were destroyed by the only nuclear attack that has ever been recorded. The days following the attack witnessed massive deaths of nearly 100,000 people who were casualties of the bomb and it was clear that the poisoning had a horrendous effect on the country. Three years before the attack, the best scientists in the United States had embarked on building the bomb. Most of them derived from the Manhattan project, close to 100,000 scientists were involved in this development, making it the greatest scientific venture in history. It is plausible to note that the project involved more than 30 installations and the best university laboratories in the United States. Notable were the efforts of Nobel award winners like Harold Urey, who provided technical support and the whole project was overseen by the Army Chief engineer, Brigadier Groves. The initial stages of the projects were pursued in separate locations to maintain discretion of the whole project, and they were unaware of the magnitude of the undertaking they were part of.

Challenges of Protecting Americas Critical Infrastructure

Challenges of Protecting Americas Critical Infrastructure One undisputable fact regards the significant role that the critical infrastructure plays in the provision of crucial services that a society needs for it thrive. For example, the power and water used in homes, security, transport and communication networks, and shopping stores among others together offer a society a good infrastructural base (Clark Hakim, 2017). Therefore, the following paper is keen in addressing some of main challenges to safeguard the United States critical infrastructure. It is based on the thesis statement; Critical infrastructure is fragile and sensitive to peoples needs therefore, should be accorded an enduring protection at all times in America and the rest of the world. In addressing the challenges that America encounters in its effort to protect the critical infrastructure, one should bear in mind the following useful questions; first, what does America consider as a critical infrastructure? Secondly, as a citizen of the United States, are you part of the solution or problem in safeguarding the infrastructure? Lastly, are measures put in place effective to offer a coordinated national effort in managing risks associated with critical infrastructure? It is not an easy task building critical infrastructure in any nation. Therefore, it requires a combined effort from both the government and all stakeholders in ensuring its safety and proper use as stipulated. In overall, America currently possesses almost sixteen critical infrastructure sectors which it deems essential to its economy. Its critical infrastructure includes; utilities, refineries, military defense systems, water and electricity among other facilities it relies on every day. It means that the destruction or incapacitation would have a significant negative effect on security, public health and economic security among others (Clark Hakim, 2017). In ensuring that its critical infrastructure is safe, it has established the office of Infrastructure Protection (IP). The office is mandated in leading the combined national effort in controlling potential risks to its critical infrastructure. As a result, the nation has been able to provide an enhanced security in Americas physical and cyber infrastructure. Challenges of protecting Americas critical infrastructure First, the Americas critical infrastructure faces a major problem of hackers who steal confidential and sensitive information, interfere with processes and destroy much equipment. For instance, Industrial Control System modules of the HAVEX Trojan that got recently discovered offer a good example. The malware infected many of the Americas critical facilities simply by fixing itself to the crucial software updates (Zio, 2016). The attack is a significant threat especially to the production of sensitive and confidential information. One of the critical infrastructure affected the threat from the hackers involves the military defense system. For example, the hackers steal useful information thus derailing the strategies designed by the military officers. Secondly, Americas critical infrastructure faces the constant terrorists attacks. It has emerged as a potential challenge to infrastructure besides affecting the private sectors. The possibility and impacts of a terrorist attacks could be determined by a range of strategies created by the nations executive team of experts (Zio, 2016). The uncertainty involved in knowing when a terrorists attack would take place has made the possibility of future terrorist events difficult to predict. This way, there has been an increased difficulty in ascertaining the efficiency of economic public infrastructure. Finally, America like any other nation needs efficient and reliable infrastructure for well performance of its functions. As pointed in the thesis; Critical infrastructure is fragile and sensitive to peoples needs therefore, should be accorded an enduring protection at all times in America and the rest of the world, critical infrastructure is susceptible to challenges posed by hackers and terrorist attacks. Therefore, due to uncertainty of predicting a likelihood attack and destruction; there is a need for coordinated national efforts to help in managing the challenges. References Clark, R. M., Hakim, S. (2017). Protecting Critical Infrastructure at the State, Provincial, and Local Level: Issues in Cyber-Physical Security. In Cyber-Physical Security (pp. 1-17). Springer International Publishing. Zio, E. (2016). Challenges in the vulnerability and risk analysis of critical infrastructures. Reliability Engineering System Safety, 152, 137-150.

How an Understaning of Sociology Provides Value to My Life :: Sociology Essays

First I would like to discuss the online encyclopedia â€Å"Wikipedia†. The value of knowledge that it offers is unlimited since the articles can be edited by anyone with their interpretation. As a result â€Å"Wikipedia† is a storage place of knowledge for anyone who wishes to contribute. I added this site to my favorites and now when I have questions about certain concepts I check the encyclopedia along with my other references. When I look up one word I end up searching through the encyclopedia for some time because of the many related links that â€Å"Wikapedia† provides that take you to so many interesting places. As of yet I have not found an article that I would like to contribute to but I am sure I will in the near future. Secondly I will take with me the principle of the power of public opinion. In class we discussed how individuals fail to realize the power that citizens collectively have over the government. The majority of the time we are persuaded to look at ourselves as individuals or small groups who have little power because we have to answer to our dictator (a.k.a boss). Masterminds such as Isama Bin Laden, Hitler and Bush for that matter realized this power of public opinion and used it to there advantage to persuade a whole nation of individuals to act in the way they wanted them to act. I will not use this knowledge for such practices but I will apply it to the workforce where I am a manager over older white women and men in the IT field who find it hard to accept duties from a 22 year old minority female. I am working on obtaining the majority public opinion that I am a great manager from not only my immediate peers but also those that are higher than and lower than me. Third the idea of â€Å"false consciousness† from Mannheim’s book â€Å"Ideology and Utopia.† We were discussing in class the different perspectives individuals have on the world based on their economic and social position in society. What really stuck out to me is the fact that people have a particular view of their own group’s best interest that is really in the best interest of the other group. This is called â€Å"false consciousness.† For example, the people who live in poverty think that the harder they work the higher up in society they will move, but in all actuality all they are doing is making the rich richer.